Heterodoxy – During the Umayyad and Abbasside reign

It is written in the book ‘Daulat e Abbasiyan’ that: ‘The Heterodoxy took birth during the Umayyad rule and they became vigorously active during the Abbasside rule.

          In fact, Heterodoxy was a political movement within a well-designed religious boundary, which invited its followers to spread the Manavi creed with its religious concepts and intellectual heritage in such a way that it replaced the Islamic-Arabic heritage; and it is very likely that a political motive was hidden behind these philosophical invitations, just like the motives hidden behind the administrative sources and the commands passed by them; because heterodoxy had hidden itself behind the veil of philosophy and was actually a form of Zoroastrian revolutionary aspect which aimed at destroying the Islamic empire and replacing it with an Iranian one.

          It is evident that Heterodoxy was a Manavi movement that newly entered Iraq and a few regions of Iran after the Islamic victories. The reason behind the propagation of this movement was the religious freedom enjoyed by the followers of the different religions after the victories, and it initiated a kind of intellectual and notional conflict inside the society.’[1]

Therefore, the emergence of Heterodoxy as a sect took place in the Umayyad era, whether it is considered a specific Manavi movement or a much wider ideology that comprises of both the Manavi and non-Manavi movements.